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UMBERTO GALIMBERTI: LA BUGIA

Praise of lies as a game of intelligence

Only those who know mind is capable of surviving

F bears a lie is much more useful in life than it is the truth. And in any case there is no doubt that those who can lie has much broader cognitive abilities who can tell only the truth. Without the possibility of lying then humanity would never have known what he boasts: culture, which is a form of resignation is not the real worlds of ideation and therefore not true because not real, even if we are only able to affect and change reality. I became convinced by reading two books: one by Andrea Tagliapietra, Philosophy of lie. Figures lie in the history of Western thought (Bruno Mondadori, pp. 464, pounds 48,000), a masterpiece destined to become a classic on the subject. The other Mary Bettetini, brief history of the lie. From Ulysses to Pinocchio (Raffaello Cortina, pp. 160, pounds 22,000), where games between truth and falsehood appear, as indeed are indistinguishable.

First we must say that the lie is not the exclusive prerogative of men. Even the animals lie, and lie ogni volta che, nella lotta per la vita, invece di attaccare, si nascondono. Il fatto di nascondersi è forse la sorgente e il modello di ogni menzogna, perché priva l'avversario delle informazioni necessarie per orientare la sua condotta. Quando il predatore, infatti, non percepisce più la sua vittima, diventa incapace di inseguirla. E questo vale sia per gli animali sia per i più sofisticati 007 che, invece di affrontare l'avversario, si sottraggono alla sua vista e attendono che questi, deluso, se ne vada. Se la vita animale è un gioco di attacco e difesa, quando non si hanno abbastanza forze per sopravvivere o per vincere non resta che il ricorso alla menzogna che, modificando lo stato di informazione dell'avversario, put out of its power by simply making it useless. Deception therefore belongs to the logic of living and is found in both the plant, where for example the African orchid mimics the appearance of nectar-rich flowers to attract insects and butterflies, both in the animal world, where are the infinite camouflage tricks, both in the human world where, to achieve a goal, it is preferred that the use of force lies.

L ' Iliad, the first great novel of the West, is the description of this passage that leads from the use of brutal force to use sophisticated intelligence whose first term is the deception. Nietzsche, great admirer of the Greek world, takes this step immediately and without hesitation says, "The intellect, as a means of preserving the individual, explains its main forces in fiction." But how do you say that cheating is the most sophisticated form of intelligence? because, as Plato also quell'insospettabile moralist who is "conscious and deliberate is more valuable than tell the truth inadvertently"? Why those who tell the truth knows only that, while the liar knows the truth and its alteration. and alter the truth is not easy. Should put themselves in someone else's shoes, to interpret rapidly its expectations, study their behavior and avoid the same time to reveal its too transparent. If this is not a game of intelligence! And in fact there is no educator when she shows children playing in the exercise most suitable for the development of intelligence. What the educators do not say is that the game, every game, from that of puppies that of children, is nothing but a series of moves to fool the opponent is a "pretend" or, as they say in football, is a "make-believe, to mention a pipeline and then take another. No coincidence that the Latin word for "play" ( Ludere) is the same as "il-Ludere" and "in-lusio" literally means "come into play", in essence, lying. Without lies many species, especially human, which is the least equipped with instincts and natural defenses, they could hardly survive, so that ethologists agree, but also anthropologists would agree that the "birdies" were always were lower than those truthful for the conservation and selection of the species.

Deception therefore belongs to the logic of living, indeed very often the condition of his life. But as to deceive must be at least two, the lie is not only the first sign of intelligence, but also the first vehicle of socialization. Who is telling the truth, in fact, be exempt from entering the other's mind, while those who lie can not exempt itself from this work of deep penetration, which underlie all social relations. In addition, the liar must know the expectations of the listener to anticipate what the other wants to hear or at least what is already prepared to believe. All this requires a representation of the other's mind as well as a plan to manipulate it. leaders have this virtue and so are different from soldiers. The information spread by the means at their disposal are not intended to instruct others, but to educate themselves about the intentions of others so that, at the right time, subtract them all autonomy and freedom of movement every . The opinion polls are not designed to probe people's opinions and then respond to their requests, but are intended to explore the effectiveness of the persuasion that it was possible to spread by the media. And here we have come to television with its fiction ( his "fictions") so much followed by the public. But we can move from television to the Internet, where, as Mary reminds us Bettetini, borders on the virtual reality, which does not reproduce exactly the real, as you know people looking for love online. Next to them and before them there is the cinema, theater, art, literature, whose purpose, as Oscar Wilde wrote, is "telling of untruths," because it is culture and not invent reality submit, as it would the supporters of the "healthy realism", which lacks any form of imagination to assume that the reality may well be different from what it is.

But to imagine, to lie, to design scenarios other than the existing ones should be a split of consciousness that can bring together, as in a theater scene, the mental condition of deception and deceit. These mental conditions may also reunify as in the case of self that Descartes, long before psychoanalysis, he described it The passions of the soul, where the hydraulic pulse of input and passions could give the impression to the mind that things are like ' order that they want to drive. Pulled bone, psychoanalysis is nothing but the revelation of self, and the opening of consciousness that is aware, as Freud said, "not to be master in his own house," because the large number of thoughts rationalization of processes that are unconscious desires. Marx himself said about ideology: "The ruling ideas are the ideas of ruling class. " And when Nietzsche himself said, in the Genealogy of Morals , indicated the underlying virtues and vices disguised virtues. The fact that Marx, Freud and Nietzsche have been branded by John Paul II as "philosophers of suspicion" means only that the religious culture rather dull consciences, perched in the "truth" which comes from above, and do not articulate the conscience living the drama of the host at the same time the "truth" and the awareness of his being "fiction." Here Nietzsche has written a short essay essential that youth is entitled Truth and falsehood in the sense extramorale . What does "extramorale? That the problem of truth and falsehood should not be confined and buried in the field of ethics, but it appears from what is useful and beneficial for life. Here the "truth" gives his mask and shows his true face, which is not to say the truth, but to provide the "stability" to all those spirits that soldiers would not know how to live without full stops. The basis of truth there and then that same will of life we \u200b\u200bhave found to be the source of all lies. Liars begin a war with each other, wants to have more at the expense of others. Who does not stand the conflict is consistent with the other and calls this Agreement, this pact, this mutual advantage, for exist in society, like sheep, "truth". In this covenant is morally binding, it is ethical to say the truth (that being the covenants that reduce conflict), because otherwise we would have no power or ability to live.

Andrea Tagliapietra writes in his masterful essay "At the School of the Western tradition lie learns the concept of will." Desire to have more, which is the basis of lies, and will have as much as the agreement with the other grants, which is the basis of truth. remains to be concluded then that the real conflict is not between true and false on the register of "knowledge" or "moral", but between advantageous and disadvantageous register "will", since the truth nothing but the expression of the will of the weak who do not have sufficient resources to live if you do not agree on points stable and firm, not a moral commitment to keep them stable and firm. Thus Nietzsche concludes the parable of the West: Do not turn the values \u200b\u200bas most people think, but by showing that "the truth is a form of deceit, deception shared by those who, not knowing lie," according to a firm lie Convention, as befits a host, in a style binding for all. " But even if the truth is a form deception, then drop the opposition between truth and falsehood, so that's blasphemy, if they knowingly uttered, far from opposing the devotion, prayer and invocation is towards a more just and true God. Removed the opposition, what remains at stake is only the "will to live" that serves both the mendacity, the truth in order to live. Therefore Nietzsche, removing the mask to the "truth" philosophy promoted by the West, can say "I'm still waiting for a philosopher, physician, exceptional in the sense of the word - understood the problem of collective health of a people, of an era , race, humanity -, che abbia in futuro il coraggio di portare al culmine il mio sospetto e di osare questa affermazione: in ogni filosofare non si è trattato per nulla, fino ad oggi, di verità, ma di qualcos'altro, come salute, avvenire, sviluppo, potenza, vita».

Di Umberto Galimberti 

Tratto da " http://robertoladisa.blogspot.com/ "  

Sullo stesso argomento potete consultare "l'Origine della menzogna"  http://robertoladisa.blogspot.com/2007/10/lorigine-della-menzogna.html

Mentre per capire alcuni passaggi concettuali su Nietzsche, (per coloro che ne sono a "digiuno"), consiglio una tesi di laurea "Nietzsche contro Darwin"  http://www.friedrich-nietzsche.it/index.php/il-concetto-di-uebermensch-nella-filosofia-di-friedrich-nietzsche , la quale tesi riassume bene quello che intende dire Galimberti. 

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Plutarco: "La mente non è un vaso da riempire"

Anche if you had lived in times when educational influence, it is difficult not to speak of Plutarch, (unfortunately overshadowed), however, until the last century, considered the main witness of the Greek and Roman costumes and education , and also excellent source of training models are still current.

Plutarch of Chaeronea is also of the first century. and of Greek origin: they were famous for centuries his "Parallel Lives of Illustrious Men," the Greeks and Romans, which offered exemplary models of events and characters through which we glimpsed but also modes of life of different historical situations, perhaps a bit 'novel, but not without notations still interesting even social nature. This is a forty medals, is still reprinted by Theseus and Romulus to contemporaries of the author, all aimed to demonstrate continuity, more than in reality, between the ideals of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman times.

Plutarch was also the author of "Moral Operettas" in which there are pedagogical precepts, some of which anticipate that the maximum of a few centuries later will be considered advanced, such as the famous: "The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a wood s'infuochi to burn because the taste of research and love of truth. " In a sense, Plutarch can be seen as a precursor of Montaigne and Locke, especially for the exaltation of the priority due to the formation of character.

Forget therefore similar forms of stupidity or boastfulness, and even to learn and assimilate the useful discussions we also accept the giggles of those who wish to see being intellectually gifted, as did Cleanthes and Xenocrates, who appearance of his companions were slower, but really did not give up and do not stray from learning of mind and were indeed the first to poke fun at himself, comparing himself to vessels from the entrance or close bronze tablets, alluding to the fact they did effort to accommodate the words, but then kept securely and sicuro39.

Why not just, as he says Focilide often must endure disappointments aspiring to virtue, but often must also accept to be, mocked and ridiculed, and endure teasing and vulgarity but with his whole being to eliminate its ignorance and overthrow it.

Do not neglect the other hand, neither did the opposite mistake, to commit certain indolence, which resulted in the unpleasant and annoying: when I'm on they will not bother, but then those who disturb talks continue by sending in questions on the same topics as featherless birds who are always amazed at the other's mouth and they want to receive any other thing ready and pre-digested. There are also those who aspire to earn a reputation as a careful person and acute where it is not the case and exhausts the speaker to talk and force

of curiosity, continually raising unnecessary questions or seeking clarification on topics that do not have any need: this short street is long, as Sophocles says, not only for themselves but for others.

constantly interrupting the teacher with questions vain and superfluous, as in a trip together, they merely hinder the smooth flow of learning, affected bus stops and delays.

These look like these, according to Jerome, and insistent those cowardly dogs that bite into the house and fair skin tear the fleece, as if they were living well is forded by touching them. We must encourage the lazy we were talking about putting together the rest alone, once intelligence has made them understand the essential points in mind as they listened for it to be their guide in further research and receiving the word of others as principle and seed to develop and enhance.

The mind does not need, like a vase, be filled, but rather, like wood, a spark that lights up and inspire you with the impetus of research and a ardent love for the truth. As one who was going to ask the neighbors of the fire, but then you find a great, bright flame to heat up and remain there until the end, so anyone who goes to another to take his word but does not think of having to turn the own light and mind and sits spellbound to enjoy what he hears, draws from the words only a reflection of external, like a face that s'arrossa lights and the glare of the flame, unable to evaporate and drive down ' soul, thanks to the philosophy, what is in it's wet and dark.

From: Plutarch's "The Art of Listening"